mixi¥æ¡¼¥¶¡¼(id:12891713)

2014ǯ12·î19Æü04:55

1368 view

µÜ²¼âÃÆ󡡡رѸìʸˡÈãȽ¡Ù¡¡¡ÊXII¡Ë £·B

£·B
¡¡¤µ¤Æ¤â¤¦°ì¿Í¤Ï¾®Ã®¾¦²ÊÂç³Ø¤ËºßÀÒ¤·¤Æ¤ð¤¿¹â¶¶±Ñ¸÷¤È¤¤¤Õ¿Í¤Î1984ǯ¤ÎÏÀ¹Í¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡ÊÄ´¤Ù¤Æ¤ß¤ë¤È¡¢¤³¤Î¿Í¤Ï¸½ºß¡¢Ë̳¤Æ»Âç³Ø¤Î¶µ¼ø¤Ë¤Ê¤Ä¤Æ¤ð¤ë¤ä¤¦¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡Ë¡£¡Öʣʸ¤Îǧ¼±¹½Â¤¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ ¤½¤Î1¡×¤ÈÂꤵ¤ì¤¿¤³¤ÎÏÀʸ¤Ï¡¢µÜ²¼¤ÎÍýÏÀ¤òÁ´ÌÌŪ¤Ë¹ÎÄꤷ¤¿¾å¤Ç¡¢²¤ÊƤÎÍýÏÀ¤òÈãȽ¤·¤Æ¤ð¤ë¡£

¡¡¹â¶¶¤Ï½øʸ¤Ç¤«¤¦½Ò¤Ù¤ë¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Ö¤³¤ÎÏÀʸ¤Ï `I think that she is honest'¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê±Ñ¸ì¤Îʣʸ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Î¸¦µæ¤Ç¤¢¤ê1¾Ï¤Ç¤ÏBolinger (1972)¤Î That¡Çs that, II¾Ï¤Ç¤ÏKiparskys (1971) ¤Î "Fact" ¤½¤·¤Æ»®¾Ï¤Ç¤ÏHooper (1975) ¤Î "On assertive predicates" ¤¬¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì¼è¤ê¾å¤²¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¾åµ­»°ÏÀʸ¤¬Ã濴Ū¤Ë¼è¤ê¾å¤²¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤Ï,¤³¤ì¤é¤¬±Ñ¸ì¤Îʣʸ¤Ë´Ø¤ëÌäÂê¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Î²áµî½½Í¾Ç¯¤ÎÂåɽŪ¸¦µæ¤Ç¤¢¤ê, ¿¤«¤ì¾¯¤Ê¤«¤ì¤½¤ÎÃæ¤ÇŸ³«¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ëÏÀÅÀ¤¬Â¾¤Î, ÆäËÆüËܤθÀ¸ì³Ø¼Ô¤ä±Ñ¸ì³Ø¼Ô¤Ë±Æ¶Á¤òÍ¿¤¨¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤³¤È¤â¤Ò¤È¤Ä¤ÎÍýͳ¤Ç¤Ï¤¢¤ë¤¬, ¤â¤Ã¤È½ÅÍפÊÍýͳ¤Ï¤³¤Î»°ÏÀʸ¤¬¤¤¤º¤ì¤â¸À¸ì¤Ë¤Ã¤¤¤Æ¤Î³Ë¿´Åª¤ÊÌäÂê¤Ë¿¨¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¾å¤Ë, ¤·¤«¤âÌÀ³Î¤Ê·Á¤Ç¸í¤ê¤òÈȤ·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦ÅÀ¤ÇÈãȽŪ¤Ë°·¤¦¤Ë²Á¤¹¤ë¤À¤±¤ÎÂоÝŪµÒ´ÑÀ­¤ò»ý¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤È»×¤ï¤ì¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ç¤¢¤ê, ¸¡Æ¤¤ò²Ã¤¨¤ë¤³¤È¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æʣʸ¤Î°ÕÌ£¹½Â¤¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤ÎÍý²ò¤¬¿¼¤Þ¤ë¤ÈÉ®¼Ô¤¬È½ÃǤ·¤¿¤¿¤á¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¡×

¡¡¹â¶¶¤Ï¡¢¸À¸ìɽ¸½¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ°Ê²¼¤Î¤ä¤¦¤ËÀµÅö¤Êǧ¼±¤ò¼¨¤¹¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Ö¸À¸ìɽ¸½¤ÏÏä·¸ÀÍդǤ¢¤ì½ñ¤­¸ÀÍդǤ¢¤ì, »þ´Ö·Ð²á¤Ë±è¤Ã¤¿Ã±¸ì¤ÎϢ³ÂΤȤ·¤Æ²æ¡¹¤ËÍ¿¤¨¤é¤ì¤ë¡£¤·¤«¤··Á¼°¤È¤·¤Æ¤Ï²»À¼¤äʸ»ú¤ÎϢ³¤Ë²á¤®¤Ê¤¤¸À¸ìɽ¸½¤â¤½¤Î°ÕÌ£ÆâÍƤ«¤é¸«¤Æ¹Ô¤¯¤Ê¤é¤Ð, ʸ¤ò¹½À®¤¹¤ë¸Ä¡¹¤Îñ¸ì¤Î²»±¤¤Ë·ë¤Ó¤Ä¤¤¤¿³µÇ°¤Ë¤ÏÃê¾Ý¤Î¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Î°ã¤¤¤¬¤¢¤ë¤«¤é, ʸ¤Î°ÕÌ£ÆâÍƤÏΩÂÎŪ¤Ê¤â¤Î¤È¤Ê¤ë¤³¤È¤ò²æ¡¹¤Ï·Ð¸³Åª¤ËÃΤäƤ¤¤ë¡£º£¿©Âî¤Î¾å¤ËÃÖ¤«¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë²Ìʪ¤ò`the strawberry' ¤È¸Æ¤Ö¤³¤È¤â¤Ç¤­¤ì¤Ð `the fruit' ¤È¸Æ¤Ö¤³¤È¤â¤Ç¤­¤ë¡£ÌܤÎÁ°¤Î³à¤ÎÃæ¤ËÊĤ¸¹þ¤á¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ëưʪ¤ò`the bear' ¤È¸Æ¤Ö¤³¤È¤â¤Ç¤­¤ì¤Ð `the animal' ¤È¸Æ¤Ö¤³¤È¤â¤Ç¤­¤ë¤· `he' ¤È¸À¤¦¤³¤È¤â¤Ç¤­¤ë¡£`You might need some help' ¤Î¤è¤¦¤ÊÄĽҤ¬É½¤¹ÆâÍƤò `that' ¤È¤« `it'¤Èª¤¨¤ë¤³¤È¤â¤Ç¤­¤ë¡£Ê¸¤äʸ¾Ï¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¤³¤Î¤è¤¦¤ËÍÍ¡¹¤ËÃê¾Ý¤ÎÅÙ¹ç¤Î°Û¤Ê¤ë¸ì¶ç¤ò»È¤¦¤³¤È¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ,Ïä·¼ê¤Ïʹ¤­¼ê¤Ø¤Î»×ÁÛ¤ÎÅÁã¤ò¸ú²ÌŪ¤Ë¹Ô¤Ê¤¦¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ê, ¤³¤³¤Ë¤ÏÃê¾Ý¤Î¾å²¼¤ò¹Ô¤­Í褹¤ë¿Í´Ö¤Îǧ¼±¤Î±¿Æ°¤¬Â¸ºß¤¹¤ë¡£¤½¤ì¸Î, ¸À¸ì¤ÎSyntax¤ò¸¦µæ¤¹¤ëºÝ¤Ë¤Ï, ʸ¤ò¹½À®¤¹¤ë³Æ¸ì¶ç´Ö¤ÎÃê¾Ý¤ÎÅٹ礤¤ÎÌäÂê¤ò¾ï¤ËǰƬ¤ËÆþ¤ì¤Æ¤ª¤«¤Ê¤¤¤È¤È¤ó¤ÀÍýÏÀŪ¸í¤ê¤òÈȤµ¤Ê¤¤¤È¤â¸Â¤é¤Ê¤¤¡£¡×

¡¡¹â¶¶¤ÏBolinger ¤Î¡ÖÀܳ»ì¡×that ¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ëÏÀʸ¤òÈãȽŪ¤Ë¸¡Æ¤¤·¤¿¸å¡¢¼¡¤Î¤ä¤¦¤Ë½Ò¤Ù¤ë¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Öǧ¼±ÏÀŪ¸«ÃϤ«¤é¡ÖÂå̾»ì¡×`that' ¤ò¸¡Æ¤¤·¤¿µÜ²¼¿¿Æó¤Ï¡ÖÀܳ»ì¡×¤Î `that' ¤È¸Æ¤Ð¤ì¤ë¤â¤Î¤ÎËܼÁ¤ò´ÇÇˤ·¤Æ¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¸À¤Ã¤¿¡£

(­¡ `I know that you are just' ¤Î) `you are just' ¤Ï°¿¤ë»öÂÖ¤òʬÀÏŪ¤Ëª
¤¿É½¸½¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤¬,¤³¤Î»öÂÖ¤òÁ´ÂΤȤ·¤Æ¤Ä¤Þ¤ê°ì¤Ä¤ÎÅý°ìÂΤȤ·¤Æª¤Ø¤ë¤³¤È
¤â½ÐÍè¤ë¡£¤³¤ÎÅý°ìÂΨ¤Á¼ÂÂΤòÏüê¤È¤Î´Ø·¸¤Ë±÷¤Æª¤Ø¤¿¤Î¤¬ `that' ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
`that' ¤È `you are just' ¤È¤ÏƱ°ì¤ÎÂоݤò°ìÊý¤ÏÁí¹çŪ¤Ë, ¾Êý¤ÏʬÀÏŪ¤Ëɽ
¸½¤·¤Æ¤ð¤ë¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£²¿¸Î¤³¤Î¤ä¤¦¤ËƱ°ì¤ÎÂоݤòÆóÅÙ,Ê̤ÎÌ̤«¤éɽ¸½¤¹¤ë¤«
¤È¤¤¤Õ¤È,`you are just' ¤Çɽ¤µ¤ì¤ë»öÂÖ¤¬°ì¤Ä¤ÎÁ´ÂΤǤ¢¤ë¤ÈƱ»þ¤Ë `I know'
¤¬É½¸½¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ëÂоݤÈÌÜŪ´Ø·¸¤Ë¤¢¤ê,¡¡Î¾¼Ô¤¬Áí¹ç¤µ¤ì¤Æ,¡¡¤â¤¦°ì¤Ä¤ÎΩÂÎ
Ū¤«¤ÄÁí¹çŪ¤ÊÁ´ÂΤòÀ®¤·¤Æµï¤ê, ¤³¤ÎÁ´ÂΤ¬ (1) ¤Îʸ¤Çɽ¸½¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤ð¤ë¤«¤é
¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£(1 )¤Îʸ¤Ï `you are just' ¤¬Ê¸Á´ÂΤΰìÉô¤Ç¤¢¤ë»ö¤òÌÀ³Î¤Ë¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á
¤Ë, Ʊ°ì¤Î»öÂÖ¤ò°ìö `that' ¤ÇÂçÇ©¤ß¤Ë¤«¤ÄÃê¾ÝŪ¤ËÂå̾»ì¤Çɽ¸½¤·¤ÆÃÖ¤¤
¤Æ, ¼¡¤Ë¶ñÂÎŪ¤«¤ÄʬÀÏŪ¤ËºÆɽ¸½¤·¤Æ¤ð¤ë¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¦Ç¡×

¡¡¤µ¤é¤Ë¡¢µÜ²¼¤¬½ñ¤¤¤Æ¤ð¤ë¤Î¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤«¤Èºø³Ð¤·¤Æ¤·¤Þ¤Õ¤ä¤¦¤Ê°Ê²¼¤ÎÏÀ½Ò¤ò¹Ô¤Õ¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Öʸ¾Ï¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë»×¹Í¤ÎŸÍö¤¬Ç§¼±¤Î¾å¤ê²¼¤ê¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¤Ê¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤ÈƱÍÍ, °ìʸ¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¤âÆäˤ½¤ì¤¬Ê£»¨¤Ê¹½Â¤¤ò»ý¤Ä¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤Ï, ³Æ¸ì¶ç´Ö¤ÇÍÍ¡¹¤ËÃê¾Ý¤ÎÅٹ礤¤¬°Û¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ê, ¤³¤³¤Ë¤â¤ä¤Ï¤êǧ¼±¤Î¾å¤ê²¼¤ê¤¬Çظå¤Ë¸ºß¤¹¤ë¡£`I thought that you might need some help' ¤È¤« `Did you know that you had a flat?' ¤È¸À¤¦»þ¤ÎÏä·¼ê¤Îǧ¼±¤Ï `that' ¤Ç¹â¤¤Ãê¾Ý¤ÎÃʳ¬¤Ø°ìµ¤¤Ë¾å¤Ã¤Æ¼¡¤Ë¸À¤¦»öÊÁ¤ò¸À¤ï¤ÐÅÀŪ¤Ë¶Å½Ì¤·¤Æɽ¸½¤·, ¤½¤ì¤«¤éÃê¾Ý¤«¤é¶ñÂΤؤȲ¼¤ê¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤ï¤±¤Ç¤¢¤Ã¤Æ, `that' ¤ÏÏä·¼ê¤Îǧ¼±¤Ë¤è¤ëÃê¾Ý²½¤Î»ºÊª¤Ç¤¢¤ê°ÕÌ£¤Î¸¶·¿¤Ï, ½¾À᤹¤Ê¤ï¤Áʸ(¡¢¡¢)°Ê³°(¡¢¡¢¡¢)¤Î(¡¢)½ê(¡¢¡¢¡¢)¤Ë¤Ï¸ºß(¡¢¡¢¡¢¡¢)¤·¤Ê¤¤(¡¢¡¢¡¢)¡£¤È¤³¤í¤¬¸«¤¿ÌÜ¤Ë¤Ï `that' ¤ÏÆó¤Ä¤ÎÀá¤Î´Ö¤ò¤Ä¤Ê¤¤¤Ç¤¤¤ë¤·, Ïä·¼ê¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ°ÕÌ£¤¬¼«³Ð¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤½¬´·Åª¤Ê¸ì¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë½¾Àá¤ÈƱ¤¸ÆâÍƤò»ý¤Ä¤È¤Ï¤Ê¤«¤Ê¤«µ¤ÉÕ¤­¤Ë¤¯¤¤¡£¤¢¤ë¸ì¤ÎÃê¾ÝÅÙ¤¬¹â¤¤»þ, ¤½¤Î°ÕÌ£¤òª¤¨¤Å¤é¤¤¤Î¤Ï»ö¼Â¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤¬,°ÕÌ£¤ò»ý¤¿¤Ê¤¤¤È¹Í¤¨¤ë¤Ê¤é¤Ð¤½¤ì¤Ï¸í¤ê¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£Jespersen¤Ï `that' ¤¬½¾Àá¤Ë·ë¤Ó¤Ä¤±¤ÆÆɤޤì¤ë¤³¤È¤È¥¢¥¯¥»¥ó¥È¤¬¼å¤¤¤È¤¤¤¦²»Ä´¾å¤Î»ö¼Â¤Ë°ú¤­¤Å¤é¤ì¤ÆËÜÍè¡ÖÂå̾»ì¡×¤Ç¤¢¤Ã¤¿¤â¤Î¤¬¡ÖÀܳ»ì¡×¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤¿¤È¹Í¤¨¤¿»þ, »ö¼Â¾å `that' ¤Ï°ÕÌ£¤ò¼º¤Ã¤¿¤È¸À¤¦¤ËÅù¤·¤¤¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£Bolinger¤Ï `that 'ËÜÍè¤Î»Ø¼¨Âå̾»ìŪ°ÕÌ£¤¬°ì±þ»Ä¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤ÈÍ­°ÕÌ£À­¤òǧ¤á¤¿ÅÀ¤Ç¤ÏJespersen¤è¤êÁ°¿Ê¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤¬, deictic¤È¤«anaphoric¤È¤¤¤¦¤â¤Î¤ÎËܼÁ¤ò½½Ê¬¤ËÇÄ°®¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¤¿¤á¤Ë`that' ¤Ï¡ÖÁ°Êý¾È±þ¡×¤È·è¤á¤³¤ß8), Jespersen¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ»ØŦ¤µ¤ì¤¿ËÜÍè¤Î¡Ö¸åÊý¾È±þÀ­¡×¤òÀµ¤·¤¯±þÍѤ¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¡×

¡¡°Ê²¼¡¢¾Ü¤·¤¯¤Ï½Ò¤Ù¤Ê¤¤¤¬¡¢µÜ²¼¤Î½êÏÀ¤ò¤Û¤ÜÁ´ÌÌŪ¤Ë¹ÎÄꤷ¤¿¾å¤Ç¡¢Bolinger¤ÎÏÀʸ¤òÈãȽ¤·¡¢°Ê²¼¤Î¤ä¤¦¤Ë·ë¤ó¤Ç¤ð¤ë¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Ö»ö¤ÎËܼÁ¤È¤½¤ì¤ò°Ï¤à¾õ¶·¤È¤òÌÀ³Î¤Ë¶èÊ̤·¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿¤¿¤á¤Ëξ¼Ô¤ò¼è¤ê°ã¤¨¤¿¤ê°¿¤Ï¤¹¤êÂؤ¨¤ÆÌäÂê¤òÏÀ¤¸¤Æ¤·¤Þ¤¦¤È¤¤¤¦¼ºÇÔ¤ÏÊ̤˸½Âå¤Î¸À¸ì³Ø¤Î¤ß¤Ë¸Â¤é¤ì¤¿¤³¤È¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡£17À¤µª¤Î¥è¡¼¥í¥Ã¥Ñ¤ÎÀ¸Êª³Ø¤Ç¤Ï¥¦¥¸¤ÏÉå¤Ã¤¿Æù¤«¤é¼«Á³¤Ëͯ¤¤¤Æ¤¯¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤Î¤¬¾ï¼±¤Ç¤¢¤Ã¤Æ, ¥Ï¥¨¤¬Éå¤Ã¤¿Æù¤ËÍñ¤òÀ¸¤ß¤Ä¤±¤Æ¥¦¥¸¤¬À¸¤¸¤ë¤È¤Ï¹Í¤¨¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿11)¡£¤Ä¤Þ¤ê¥¦¥¸¤È¤¤¤¦¤â¤Î¤ÎȯÀ¸¤ÎËܼÁ¤ò¥Ï¥¨¤ÎÍñ¤È¤Ï¹Í¤¨¤Ê¤¤¤ÇÉå¤Ã¤¿Æù¤È¤¤¤¦¡Ö¾õ¶·¡×¤È¼è¤ê°ã¤¨¤¿¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£`that' ¤È¤¤¤¦·Á¼°¤Î¡ÖȯÀ¸¡×¤òµæ¶ËŪ¤Ë¤ÏÏä·¼ê¤Ë¤è¤ëÂоݤÎÇÄ°®¤Î»ÅÊý¤È¤Ï¹Í¤¨¤º¤ËÁ°Êý¾È±þÀ­¤È¤«´ûÄêÀ­¤È¤¤¤¦¾õ¶·¤«¤é¡Öͯ¤¤¤Æ½Ð¤Æ¤¯¤ë¡×¤È¸À¤¦¤Î¤È»÷¤¿È¯ÁÛ¤ò¤·¤¿20À¤µª¤Î¸À¸ì³Ø¼ÔBolinger ¤¬17À¤µª¤Î¥è¡¼¥í¥Ã¥ÑÀ¸Êª³Ø¤È¶¦Ä̤·¤¿ÏÀÍýŪ¸íɵ¤òºÆ¸½¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤ò¸«¤ë¤È»×¤ï¤º¶ì¾Ð¤»¤¶¤ë¤òÆÀ¤Ê¤¤¡£¡×

¡¡ËÌÂç¤Î¹â¶¶±Ñ¸÷¶µ¼ø¤¬Æ±°ì¿Íʪ¤À¤È¤¹¤ë¤È¡¢Æ±»á¤Ï¤½¤Î¸å¤¤¤Ï¤æ¤ëǧÃθÀ¸ì³Ø¤ÎΩ¾ì¤«¤é¸¦µæ¤ò¿Ê¤á¤¿¤ä¤¦¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢¤´¤¯°ìÉô¤òÄ´¤Ù¤¿¸Â¤ê¤Ç¤Ï¡¢°Ê¸å¤ÎÏÀʸ¤ËµÜ²¼¤Ø¤Î¸ÀµÚ¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡£¤·¤«¤·¤³¤ÎÏÀʸ¤Ï¡¢µÜ²¼¤ÎÏÀË¡¤òºÎÍѤ·¡¢½½Ê¬¤ËÒòÓ𤷤¿¾å¤Ç¡¢ÆüËܤ覵æ¼Ô¤Ø¤Î±Æ¶Á¤¬Â礭¤¤²¤ÊƤγؼԤÎÏÀʸ¤òÈãȽ¤·¤¿¤È¤¤¤Õ°ÕÌ£¤Ç¡¢²è´üŪ¤Ê¤â¤Î¤À¤Ä¤¿¤È¸À¤Ø¤ë¡£°Ê¤ÆâÔ¤¹¤Ù¤·¤È¸À¤Õ¤Ù¤­¤«¡£

0 0

¥³¥á¥ó¥È

mixi¥æ¡¼¥¶¡¼

¥í¥°¥¤¥ó¤·¤Æ¥³¥á¥ó¥È¤ò³Îǧ¡¦Åê¹Æ¤¹¤ë

<2014ǯ12·î>
Æü ·î ²Ð ¿å ÌÚ ¶â ÅÚ
 123456
78910111213
14151617181920
21222324252627
28293031